Children know that mum's got the words when life seems to be getting too much.
Now it seems her voice on the phone can work the same soothing magic as when she is there to give her offspring a comforting cuddle. US scientists believe hearing mother down the line produces the same stress-busting effect on her daughter as physical contact such as a hug or a loving arm round the shoulder.
In a study that will send phone companies into their own comfort zone, researchers found mothers' calls released similar levels of the social bonding hormone oxytocin in girls as when they were in close proximity. Writing in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B, the scientists report how they deliberately raised the stress levels of 61 girls aged seven to 12. The children had to make an impromptu speech and solve maths problems in front of strangers. This sent their hearts racing and levels of stress hormone cortisol higher.
The girls were then divided into three groups, one comforted by physical contact with their mothers, another by phone calls from their mothers and a third by watching a film deemed emotionally neutral, the March of the Penguins.Oxytocin rose to similar levels in the first two groups and did not increase in the third, saliva and urine tests revealed. As this hormone's presence grew, cortisol faded.
Leslie Seltzer, from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, who led the research, said: "The children who got to interact with their mothers had virtually the same hormonal response, whether they interacted in person or over the phone."It was understood that oxytocin release in the context of social bonding usually required physical contact. But it's clear from these results that a mother's voice can have the same effect as a hug, even if they're not standing there."The effects lingered too, said another member of the team. "It stays well beyond the stressful task," said Professor Seth Pollak, from the university's child emotion laboratory. "By the time the children go home they're still enjoying the benefits of this relief and their cortisol levels are still low. That a simple telephone call could have this physiological effect on oxytocin is really exciting."
Girls were used in the study because oxytocin responses are stronger in females than in males. In adult women the hormone plays a role in labour, preparing for birth and breastfeeding.
There might be an evolutionary reason for other responses, experts believe. A threatened male is free to choose between "fight or flight", but this may not be so easy for a female who is pregnant or caring for offspring. It might be that females alleviate stress by making the peace.
Seltzer is investigating whether other forms of communication, such as text messaging, have an effect on oxytocin and hopes to expand the research into animals.
"Lots of very social species vocalise," she said. "On the one hand we're curious to see if this effect is unique to humans. On the other we're hoping researchers who study vocal communication will consider looking at oxytocin release in other animals and applying it to broader questions of social behaviour and evolutionary biology."happy new year
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Wednesday, May 12, 2010
Cameron's cabinet: A guide to who's who
Conservative David Cameron was virtually unknown outside Westminster when he was elected Tory leader in December 2005 at the age of 39.
The Old Etonian had dazzled that year's party conference with his youthful dynamism and charisma, reportedly telling journalists he was the "heir to Blair".
He has sought to match the former PM by putting the Conservatives at the centre ground of British politics.
Before becoming leader, he was the Conservatives' campaign co-ordinator at the 2005 general election and shadow education secretary.
He was special adviser to Home Secretary Michael Howard and Chancellor Norman Lamont in the 1990s before spending seven years as a public relations executive with commercial broadcaster Carlton.
DEPUTY PRIME MINISTER - NICK CLEGGNick Clegg
In just five years, Liberal Democrat Nick Clegg, at 43 the same age as Mr Cameron, has gone from political obscurity to the absolute front line of British politics.
After becoming MP for Sheffield Hallam at the 2005 election, he was promoted to Europe spokesman, before moving on to the home affairs role.
When Sir Menzies Campbell resigned as leader in 2007, he entered the race to succeed him, in the end narrowly beating Chris Huhne.
He has campaigned against the government over civil liberties and opposed the Conservatives' spending cuts plans, attempting to create a distance between the Lib Dems and what he calls the "old parties".
But he really came to prominence during the televised debates ahead of the general elections, being judged in polls to have been the big winner of the first one.
However, this appeared to do little to help the Lib Dems when they actually lost seats on 6 May. The party, though, retained enough MPs to become the vital players in the hung parliament.
FOREIGN SECRETARY - WILLIAM HAGUE
William Hague
Since he returned to the shadow cabinet in 2005, Conservative William Hague has become a key adviser to David Cameron, and was seen as de facto deputy party leader.
The new foreign secretary has plenty of experience to call upon, having been Tory leader himself from 1997 to 2001 and shadow foreign secretary until the election.
A witty and engaging Commons performer who is popular with grassroots Tory members, Mr Hague entered Parliament in 1989 having been special adviser to Chancellor Sir Geoffrey Howe. He was soon promoted to be a social security minister and in 1995 entered the Cabinet as Secretary of State for Wales.
In addition to his duties as shadow foreign secretary, Mr Cameron put Mr Hague in charge of rebuilding the party in the North of England, as chairman of its Northern Board.
CHANCELLOR - GEORGE OSBORNE
George Osborne
One of David Cameron's closest friends and Conservative allies, George Osborne rose rapidly after becoming MP for Tatton in 2001.
Michael Howard promoted him from shadow chief secretary to the Treasury to shadow chancellor in May 2005, at the age of 34.
Mr Osborne took a key role in the election campaign and has been at the forefront of the debate on how to deal with the recession and the UK's spending deficit.
Even before Mr Cameron became leader the two were being likened to Labour's Blair/Brown duo. The two have emulated them by becoming prime minister and chancellor, but will want to avoid the spats.
Before entering Parliament, he was a special adviser in the agriculture department when the Tories were in government and later served as political secretary to William Hague.
DEFENCE SECRETARY - DR LIAM FOX
Liam Fox
The former GP came third in the 2005 party leadership contest, presenting himself as a candidate of the right.
A popular figure with the party's grassroots, he was co-chairman during the 2005 general election but was moved to the shadow foreign secretary portfolio in May.
Under both William Hague and Iain Duncan Smith, he served as shadow health secretary.
And when the Conservatives were in government in the 1990s, Dr Fox was a whip and later a Foreign Office minister.
As shadow defence secretary he has led his party's criticism of funding for the armed forces under Gordon Brown and he retains that brief as the party moves into government.
HEALTH SECRETARY - ANDREW LANSLEYAndrew Lansley
The former civil servant became an active Conservative in the 1980s after a spell as private secretary to Norman Tebbit.
In 1990 he became head of the Conservative Research Department and was one of the architects of the Tories' surprise 1992 election victory. However, he later faced criticism for his central role in the disastrous 2001 poll campaign.
He returned to the shadow cabinet in 2003 under Michael Howard as shadow health secretary, the role he continues to hold under David Cameron.
Mr Cameron had long guaranteed Mr Lansley - who has played a key role in convincing people that the NHS is a high priority for the Conservatives - the role of health secretary in a government led by him.
BUSINESS/BANKING - VINCE CABLE
Vince Cable
Vince Cable has had a long journey to reach the front rank of politics, having first been a Labour and then SDP supporter before its merger with the Liberals to become the Liberal Democrats.
An economist by trade, he entered Parliament as MP for Twickenham in 1997 and has gradually built up his powerbase among the Lib Dems.
As the party's deputy leader and Treasury spokesman he saw his stock rising during the credit crunch because of his earlier warnings about .
When he stood in as temporary leader after the resignation of Sir Menzies Campbell, he memorably described Gordon Brown as going from "Stalin to Mr Bean".
He is expected to have some sort of Treasury/business job, probably including some brief to oversee the banking system. It is not yet clear what the title of the post will be.
ENERGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE -CHRIS HUHNE
Chris Huhne
Chris Huhne is set to become Energy and Climate Change Secretary, the BBC understands. Like Nick Clegg, Mr Huhne entered Parliament in 2005. He also attended the same school - the exclusive Westminster public school - and served as a Member of the European Parliament.
They have much in common, but they fought a close - and sometimes angry - campaign for the leadership in 2007.
Afterwards Mr Huhne, who had been environment spokesman, was promoted to the home affairs brief. He made a fortune in the City before entering politics, and is seen as being on the left of the party.
He was a key member of the Lib Dem team which held talks about a coalition with both Labour and the Conservatives. He would be expected to be among the five Lib Dems in the cabinet.
OTHER LIB DEMS EXPECTED TO FEATURE IN COALITION CABINET:
DAVID LAWSDavid Laws
On the economically liberal wing of the Lib Dems, David Laws has been an MP since 2001.
A former investment banker, he was quickly promoted to the party's Treasury team, taking responsibility for spending commitments in the lead-up to the 2005 election.
After that he moved to work and pensions and then, in 2007, to speak on children, families and schools. He earned plaudits from some in the Conservative Party in this role.
But the Yeovil MP was relatively low profile until he became part of the Lib Dem negotiating team following the hung parliament which resulted from the election. Has been tipped as a possible education secretary.
DANNY ALEXANDERDanny Alexandr
Wells Lib Dem MP Tessa Munt has told the BBC that she understands Danny Alexander will probably be Scottish Secretary.He was Nick Clegg's chief of staff and the Liberal Democrats' campaign co-ordinator throughout the election.He was also the former media chief of pro-euro campaign group Britain in Europe, which brought together leading Labour and Lib Dem voices with business groups.
First elected to Parliament in 2005, he rose to prominence when Mr Clegg became party leader in 2007.
He was the author of the party's 2010 election manifesto.
The Inverness, Nairn, Badenoch and Strathspey MP won one of 11 seats for the Lib Dems in Scotland. from and go
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The Old Etonian had dazzled that year's party conference with his youthful dynamism and charisma, reportedly telling journalists he was the "heir to Blair".
He has sought to match the former PM by putting the Conservatives at the centre ground of British politics.
Before becoming leader, he was the Conservatives' campaign co-ordinator at the 2005 general election and shadow education secretary.
He was special adviser to Home Secretary Michael Howard and Chancellor Norman Lamont in the 1990s before spending seven years as a public relations executive with commercial broadcaster Carlton.
DEPUTY PRIME MINISTER - NICK CLEGGNick Clegg
In just five years, Liberal Democrat Nick Clegg, at 43 the same age as Mr Cameron, has gone from political obscurity to the absolute front line of British politics.
After becoming MP for Sheffield Hallam at the 2005 election, he was promoted to Europe spokesman, before moving on to the home affairs role.
When Sir Menzies Campbell resigned as leader in 2007, he entered the race to succeed him, in the end narrowly beating Chris Huhne.
He has campaigned against the government over civil liberties and opposed the Conservatives' spending cuts plans, attempting to create a distance between the Lib Dems and what he calls the "old parties".
But he really came to prominence during the televised debates ahead of the general elections, being judged in polls to have been the big winner of the first one.
However, this appeared to do little to help the Lib Dems when they actually lost seats on 6 May. The party, though, retained enough MPs to become the vital players in the hung parliament.
FOREIGN SECRETARY - WILLIAM HAGUE
William Hague
Since he returned to the shadow cabinet in 2005, Conservative William Hague has become a key adviser to David Cameron, and was seen as de facto deputy party leader.
The new foreign secretary has plenty of experience to call upon, having been Tory leader himself from 1997 to 2001 and shadow foreign secretary until the election.
A witty and engaging Commons performer who is popular with grassroots Tory members, Mr Hague entered Parliament in 1989 having been special adviser to Chancellor Sir Geoffrey Howe. He was soon promoted to be a social security minister and in 1995 entered the Cabinet as Secretary of State for Wales.
In addition to his duties as shadow foreign secretary, Mr Cameron put Mr Hague in charge of rebuilding the party in the North of England, as chairman of its Northern Board.
CHANCELLOR - GEORGE OSBORNE
George Osborne
One of David Cameron's closest friends and Conservative allies, George Osborne rose rapidly after becoming MP for Tatton in 2001.
Michael Howard promoted him from shadow chief secretary to the Treasury to shadow chancellor in May 2005, at the age of 34.
Mr Osborne took a key role in the election campaign and has been at the forefront of the debate on how to deal with the recession and the UK's spending deficit.
Even before Mr Cameron became leader the two were being likened to Labour's Blair/Brown duo. The two have emulated them by becoming prime minister and chancellor, but will want to avoid the spats.
Before entering Parliament, he was a special adviser in the agriculture department when the Tories were in government and later served as political secretary to William Hague.
DEFENCE SECRETARY - DR LIAM FOX
Liam Fox
The former GP came third in the 2005 party leadership contest, presenting himself as a candidate of the right.
A popular figure with the party's grassroots, he was co-chairman during the 2005 general election but was moved to the shadow foreign secretary portfolio in May.
Under both William Hague and Iain Duncan Smith, he served as shadow health secretary.
And when the Conservatives were in government in the 1990s, Dr Fox was a whip and later a Foreign Office minister.
As shadow defence secretary he has led his party's criticism of funding for the armed forces under Gordon Brown and he retains that brief as the party moves into government.
HEALTH SECRETARY - ANDREW LANSLEYAndrew Lansley
The former civil servant became an active Conservative in the 1980s after a spell as private secretary to Norman Tebbit.
In 1990 he became head of the Conservative Research Department and was one of the architects of the Tories' surprise 1992 election victory. However, he later faced criticism for his central role in the disastrous 2001 poll campaign.
He returned to the shadow cabinet in 2003 under Michael Howard as shadow health secretary, the role he continues to hold under David Cameron.
Mr Cameron had long guaranteed Mr Lansley - who has played a key role in convincing people that the NHS is a high priority for the Conservatives - the role of health secretary in a government led by him.
BUSINESS/BANKING - VINCE CABLE
Vince Cable
Vince Cable has had a long journey to reach the front rank of politics, having first been a Labour and then SDP supporter before its merger with the Liberals to become the Liberal Democrats.
An economist by trade, he entered Parliament as MP for Twickenham in 1997 and has gradually built up his powerbase among the Lib Dems.
As the party's deputy leader and Treasury spokesman he saw his stock rising during the credit crunch because of his earlier warnings about .
When he stood in as temporary leader after the resignation of Sir Menzies Campbell, he memorably described Gordon Brown as going from "Stalin to Mr Bean".
He is expected to have some sort of Treasury/business job, probably including some brief to oversee the banking system. It is not yet clear what the title of the post will be.
ENERGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE -CHRIS HUHNE
Chris Huhne
Chris Huhne is set to become Energy and Climate Change Secretary, the BBC understands. Like Nick Clegg, Mr Huhne entered Parliament in 2005. He also attended the same school - the exclusive Westminster public school - and served as a Member of the European Parliament.
They have much in common, but they fought a close - and sometimes angry - campaign for the leadership in 2007.
Afterwards Mr Huhne, who had been environment spokesman, was promoted to the home affairs brief. He made a fortune in the City before entering politics, and is seen as being on the left of the party.
He was a key member of the Lib Dem team which held talks about a coalition with both Labour and the Conservatives. He would be expected to be among the five Lib Dems in the cabinet.
OTHER LIB DEMS EXPECTED TO FEATURE IN COALITION CABINET:
DAVID LAWSDavid Laws
On the economically liberal wing of the Lib Dems, David Laws has been an MP since 2001.
A former investment banker, he was quickly promoted to the party's Treasury team, taking responsibility for spending commitments in the lead-up to the 2005 election.
After that he moved to work and pensions and then, in 2007, to speak on children, families and schools. He earned plaudits from some in the Conservative Party in this role.
But the Yeovil MP was relatively low profile until he became part of the Lib Dem negotiating team following the hung parliament which resulted from the election. Has been tipped as a possible education secretary.
DANNY ALEXANDERDanny Alexandr
Wells Lib Dem MP Tessa Munt has told the BBC that she understands Danny Alexander will probably be Scottish Secretary.He was Nick Clegg's chief of staff and the Liberal Democrats' campaign co-ordinator throughout the election.He was also the former media chief of pro-euro campaign group Britain in Europe, which brought together leading Labour and Lib Dem voices with business groups.
First elected to Parliament in 2005, he rose to prominence when Mr Clegg became party leader in 2007.
He was the author of the party's 2010 election manifesto.
The Inverness, Nairn, Badenoch and Strathspey MP won one of 11 seats for the Lib Dems in Scotland. from and go
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